The Implications of Charlottesville Heterodox. Academy. org. Like everyone else, I’ve been thinking a lot about the events in Charlottesville last week, and President Trump’s comments about those events. I taught at UVA for 1. I lived a few blocks East of Emancipation Park (back when it was called “Lee Park”). I share in the horror felt by my friends and former neighbors that neo- Nazis, the KKK, terrorism, and death came to our lovely town. I was also taken aback that President Trump found it so difficult to condemn the alt- right marchers—all of them.

His August 1. 5th press conference in Trump Tower, where he said that the marchers included some “very fine people” struck me as an act of national sacrilege. Yes, there was violence perpetrated by both sides. Antifa is a pro- violence organization, and it was not inappropriate to condemn violence on both sides. But the central task for Trump in all three of his main statements was not to figure out which side was more to blame.

It was to condemn neo- Nazis and the KKK unequivocally. He only managed to do that in the second of his three statements, and he effectively undid his condemnation in his third statement. When he said that there were some “very fine people” on both sides, including the neo- Nazi side, this struck me as something new in modern American political history. Those three words seemed to me to be a potential turning point in Trump’s presidency. To explain why I thought “very fine people” could be a turning point, I wrote an essay for The Atlantic in which I analyzed the whole affair through the lens of my research on moral psychology—specifically the psychology of sacredness, taboo, and contamination.

I showed how the psychology of sacredness could explain why the alt- right would march to defend a statue, why UVA students would risk their lives to defend another statue, and why the President’s delays and equivocations in condemning white supremacists are likely to have longer- lasting effects than his previous taboo violations. Here’s a passage: Taboo violations are contagious. They render the transgressor “polluted,” in the language of anthropology, and the moral stain rubs off on those who physically touch the transgressor, as well as on those who fail to distance themselves from the transgressor. When people march with Nazis and Klansmen, even if they keep their mouths closed when others are chanting, and even if they don’t personally carry swastika or Klan flags, they acquire the full moral stain of Nazis and Klansmen.

By saying that some of these men were “very fine people,” the president has taken that stain upon himself. I then discussed the “second order punishment effects” that are likely to damage Trump’s presidency for as long as he’s in office, and that can do great damage to him even if his core supporters never abandon him.

Second order punishment is where people mobilize not just to punish the transgressor, but to punish anyone who fails to punish the transgressor. It helps to explain why so many people, even some people on the right, are making public statements to distance themselves from the President. You can read the essay here. What are the implications of Charlottesville for universities, and for those of us who believe that viewpoint diversity is a good thing, and who believe that we need more of it on many campuses? There are many, and its going to take us a while to work them all out. I have no time to write this week, but I just wanted to raise a few points briefly, as markers for future posts. I speak only for myself here.

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I hope others will chime in, in the comments, and in other posts. Free Speech has now suffered from contagion. Anything Nazis support becomes stained. If Nazis said that carrots were their favorite vegetable, and they organized a march to promote carrots, many people would find carrots less desirable. Those of us who embrace the American tradition of free speech will now have a harder time promoting that tradition to students.

This is likely to accelerate the long- term drop in support for free speech by each generation after the greatest generation. This is a shame all around, especially because, as Musa al- Gharbi and I argued in a recent Atlantic article, It’s Disadvantaged Groups That Suffer Most When Free Speech Is Curtailed on Campus. We live in an age of outrage. Perceived atrocities by one’s enemies are used to justify atrocities by one’s own side. Everyone is immersed in high- quality outrage stories, delivered many times a day by social media.

Here’s a two minute animation from an RSA talk I gave that illustrates our new national dynamic: The net effect is that we get closer and closer to critical mass, or escape velocity—there are numerous metaphors from physics to describe a system that is on the verge of undergoing a radical change. Our rising polarization and the increasing endorsement of violence on both sides may be an existential threat to America. Recognizing this threat raises two immediate implications for universities: A) Stronger moral passions will lead to stronger partisan sentiments and stronger confirmation biases. It will become even more difficult to do our work of discovering truth and educating students if discussions take place in the context of anger and activism rather than open- mindedness and curiosity.

B) In an age of outrage, universities should try even harder to remain politically neutral. To the extent that many elite universities are seen to be committed to helping one side in the culture war, universities may be making things worse, and they may pay a heavy price, particularly in red states. Adopting the Chicago Principles on Free Expression would be a powerful statement of institutional neutrality. Students are free to be partisans, but the university should not take sides on issues being debated). Focus on intimidation, rather than free speech. Even if “free speech” no longer inspires many students, everyone appreciates how awful it is to live in fear of saying what they believe. For a while the intimidation on campus came mostly from the left, in the form of “call out” culture, as described by this Smith student, and as confirmed by our own research using the Fearless Speech Index.

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But in the last year or two, the right has found a variety of new ways to intimidate and harass people on campus using news sites, “watch” sites, and social media, as I discussed in this blog post. Let’s focus on intimidation and do all we can to rid our schools of it, from all sources. Don’t invite trolls, and don’t get angry so easily. Everyone on campus needs to understand the logic and culture of trolling: “The troll is a figure who skips across the web, saying whatever it takes to rile up unsuspecting targets, relishing the chaos in his wake and feasting on attention, good or bad.” Richard Spencer, Milo Yiannopoulos, and many on the alt- right are master trolls.

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I hope that right- leaning groups on campus will stop inviting trolls and provocateurs to speak on campus. It may be great fun to produce a campus crisis, but it does not help their cause, change people’s minds, or improve their universities.

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They are just throwing matches around dry forests. They should focus on inviting conservative and libertarian scholars and intellectuals, not performance artists. And when a conservative scholar comes to campus with provocative ideas, I hope that left- leaning students and campus groups will stop putting on angry protests, sometimes employing intimidation tactics.

Just go to the talk and ask hard questions, or else ignore it. I agree that a Nazi march, a terrorist attack, and a president who is slow to condemn either one is a good reason to turn the outrage dial up to 1. Other campus speakers and events should be re- calibrated relative to that standard.

The university should strive to remain a place apart from the rest of society. We need norms for speech that are different from those that prevail off- campus.

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Hudson's pal Laurie Lynn Stark shared a short clip of the song that shows the "How To Lose A Guy In 1. Days" star wearing a long, patterned skirt, a black turtleneck and a cozy hat as she sings the song. During her performance at the old- school microphone, Hudson was also holding a massive glass of red wine. Her black hat covered her newly- shaved head, which she buzzed for an upcoming project with Top 4.

Sia. The 3. 8- year- old daughter of Goldie Hawn has shown off her singing voice briefly in the past, but last fall she revealed that she is recording an album to put her vocal chops front and center. For more of Hudson's singing, watch the video at the top of the page. See photos of Kate Hudson through the years: 1. PHOTOSKate Hudson through the years. See Gallery. Kate Hudson during Raising Helen on Location in Queens at Queens in New York City, New York, United States. Photo by James Devaney/Wire. Image)Oliver Hudson and Kate Hudson (Photo by Ron Galella/Wire.

Image)Goldie Hawn and daughter Kate Hudson (Photo by Ron Galella, Ltd./Wire. Image)WESTWOOD, CA - MARCH 1. Actor Kurt Russell, son Boston Russell, step- daughter Kate Hudson and son Wyatt Russell attend the 'Executive Decision' Westwood Premiere on March 1. Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California. Photo by Ron Galella, Ltd./Wire. Image) Kate Hudson and Goldie Hawn at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City, New York (Photo by Kevin Mazur/Wire.

Image)SANTA MONICA, CA - JUNE 5: Actress Kate Hudson attends the Eighth Annual MTV Movie Awards on June 5, 1. Barker Hangar, Santa Monica Air Center in Santa Monica, California. Photo by Ron Galella, Ltd./Wire. Image) SANTA MONICA, CA - JUNE 5: Actress Kate Hudson attends the Eighth Annual MTV Movie Awards on June 5, 1. Barker Hangar, Santa Monica Air Center in Santa Monica, California.

Photo by Ron Galella, Ltd./Wire. Image) WEST HOLLYWOOD, CA - JUNE 1. Actress Kate Hudson attends the 'Desert Blue' West Hollywood Premiere on June 1. Watch Cry_Wolf Online Fandango.

Laemmle's Sunset 5 in West Hollywood, California. Photo by Ron Galella, Ltd./Wire. Image) Kate Hudson during 'Desert Blue' Premiere in Los Angeles, California, United States. Photo by Jeff Kravitz/Film. Magic, Inc)Kate Hudson (Photo by Jim Smeal/Wire.

Image)Kate Hudson & Stuart Townsend during Sundance Film Festival 2. Park City, Utah, United States. Photo by J. Vespa/Wire. Image)LOS ANGELES - FEBRUARY 6: Actress Goldie Hawn, daughter Kate Hudson and son Oliver Hudson attend the 1. Annual American Comedy Awards on February 6, 2. Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California.

Photo by Ron Galella, Ltd./Wire. Image) UNSPECIFIED - APRIL 2. Medium shot at bar of Joshua Jackson as Beau talking intimately to Kate Hudson as Naomi, drinking cocktail. Photo by Warner Bros./Getty Images)3.

Actress Kate Hudson with boyfriend Chris Robinson of the rock band ('Black Crowes') attends the premiere of 'Almost Famous' September 1. New York, NY. (Photo by Robin Platzer/Twin Images/Online USA)(NO TABLOIDS) Kate Hudson, Liz Tyler, & Stella Mc. Cartney during 2. VH1 Vogue Fashion Awards - Arrivals at the Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. Photo by Kevin Mazur/Wire. Image)NEW YORK CITY - OCTOBER 1. Actress Kate Hudson attends the 'Dr.

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Actress Kate Hudson poses backstage at the Golden Globe Awards, January 2. Beverly Hills, CA. Photo by Newsmakers)3. Actress Liv Tyler (right) and actress Kate Hudson act in a scene from the film Dr. T & The Women. Photo by Zade Rosenthal/Artisan Entertainment/Newsmakers)Kate Hudson & Chris Robinson (Photo by SGranitz/Wire.

Image)UNITED KINGDOM - FEBRUARY 2. Kate Hudson & Husband Chris, Orange British Academy Film Awards 2. At The Odeon, Leicester Square, London (Photo by Dave Benett/Getty Images)LOS ANGELES, UNITED STATES: US actress Kate Hudson talks to an interviewer about her favorite film as she arrives for the 5. Directors Guild of America Awards Dinner in Los Angeles, CA 1. March 2. 00. 1. Hudson appeared in the film 'Almost Famous' for which director Cameron Crowe was nominated by the DGA for outstanding directorial achievement in a feature film.

AFP PHOTO/Lucy Nicholson (Photo credit should read LUCY NICHOLSON/AFP/Getty Images)Kate Hudson and husband Chris Robinson arrive at the 7th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles Sunday, March 1. Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images. Kate Hudson during The 7. Annual Academy Awards - Arrivals at Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, United States. Pokemon Season 5 Episode 63 Gotta Catch Ya Later. Photo by SGranitz/Wire. Image)Kate Hudson and Chris Robinson (Photo by KMazur/Wire. Image)Kate Hudson (Photo by SGranitz/Wire.

Image)Kate Hudson (Photo by SGranitz/Wire. Image)Kate Hudson at 'The Tonight Show with Jay Leno' at the NBC Studios in Burbank, Ca.

Friday, Sept. 2. 0, 2. Photo by Kevin Winter/Image. Direct. Kate Hudson (Photo by Dan Mac. Medan/Wire. Image)NEW YORK - FEBRUARY 3: Actress Kate Hudson reads a question during an appearance on 'TRL' February 3, 2. MTV Times Square Studios in New York City.

Photo by Scott Gries/Getty Images)Kate Hudson and Matthew Mc. Conaughey during Lavalife's New York Sreening of Paramount Pictures' How to Lose a Guy in 1. Days at The Ziegfeld Theater in New York City, New York, United States. Photo by Jim Spellman/Wire. Image)John Corbett and Kate Hudson during Kate Hudson and John Corbett on the Set of 'Raising Helen' at Woodside, Queens in New York City, New York, United States. Primewire Shameless Season 7.

Photo by Dimitrios Kambouris/Wire. Image)Luke Wilson and Kate Hudson during 2. MTV Movie Awards - Show at The Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, United States. Photo by Chris Polk/Film. Magic)LOS ANGELES - JUNE 1. Actress Kate Hudson (R) and her husband, musician Chris Robinson arrive at the premiere of 'Alex & Emma' at the Chinese Theater on June 1.

Los Angeles, California. Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images)Kate Hudson during 'Alex & Emma' - World Premiere - Hollywood at Mann's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California, United States. Photo by SGranitz/Wire. Image)WESTWOOD, CA - JULY 2. Actress Kate Hudson attends the premiere of the film 'Le Divorce' at the Mann's Festival Theatre July 2.

Westwood, California. Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images)Kate Hudson during 'Le Divorce' Press Conference with Kate Hudson, Naomi Watts, James Ivory, Ismail Merchant, Matthew Modine, Leslie Caron and Matthew Modine at Park Hyatt Hotel in Century City, California, United States. Photo by Vera Anderson/Wire. Image)Glenn Close and Kate Hudson during 'Le Divorce' - New York Premiere - After Party at The Plaza Hotel in New York City, New York, United States. Photo by KMazur/Wire. Image)Kate Hudson wearing Judith Ripka jewelry during 2.

Venice Film Festival - 'Le Divorce' Premiere at Palazzo del Cinema in Venice Lido, Italy. Photo by J. Vespa/Wire. Image)Chris Robinson and Kate Hudson during the 2 hour special that premieres Saturday November 1. EST/PST on CMT ***Exclusive*** (Photo by R.

Diamond/Wire. Image)NEW YORK - MARCH 1. ITALY OUT, NEW YORK DAILY NEWS OUT, NEWSDAY OUT) Actress Kate Hudson strolls with her husband rocker Chris Robinson in Manhattan March 1. New York City. (Photo by Arnaldo Magnani/Getty Images)NEW YORK - MAY 2. U. S. TABS OUT) Kate Hudson appears on stage during MTV's Total Request Live at the MTV Times Square Studios May 2. New York City. (Photo by Scott Gries/Getty Images)Kate Hudson and Tom Cruise during Premiere Magazine's 'The New Power' - Inside at Forbidden City in Hollywood, California, United States. Photo by J. Vespa/Wire. Image)Kate Hudson and Matthew Perry during MTV Movie Awards 2.